GOUT
502.503.504.The gout is characterized by retention and buildup of urates in tissues. It is seen as two separate syndromes: visceral gout and articular gout. The visceral gout is manifested with deposition of urates in renal tubules and the serous coats of the heart, the liver, the mesentery, the air sacs or the peritoneum. The urate deposits on serous coats resemble a chalky white dust. Visceral urate deposits are generally due to renal failure. Possible causes for this could be obstruction of ureters, renal damage or dehydration.
506.507.Most commonly, visceral gout following dehydration is observed in newly hatched chickens after overheating or a more prolonged stay in the hatchery. Visceral gout outbreaks are related to vitamin A deficiency, treatment with sodium bicarbonate, mycotoxicoses etc.
508.articular gout is characterized with periarticular urate deposits (tophi), especially around the joints of toes and the foot. The joints are enlarged and toes - malformed.
509.After opening of affected joints, the periarticular tissue is white. A white semi-liquid matter, due to urate deposits, could also be seen.
510.In chronic cases, urate precipitations could be observed in the trachea, the comb, wattles etc.
511.512.Urolithiasis is an aetiologically unknown state, occurring primarily in cage layer hens, characterized by obstruction of one or both ureters with urates, atrophy of one or more renal lobes and a various degree of renal and visceral gout. A number of aetiological factors are related to this condition: protein excess, calcium excess (3% or more), sodium bi¬carbonate toxicity, myco¬toxins (ochratoxin etc.), vitamin A deficiency and nephrotropic strains of the infectious bronchitis virus. The lower phosphorus levels (under 0.6%) are probably helping the manifestation of the disease. There are no specific clinical signs except for the depression and the weight loss. The death rate could increase and persist around 2-4% monthly during the productive period. The total mortality is heavily affected flocks could reach 50%.
551.552.PERSISTENT RIGHT OVIDUCT. If the regression of the right Mullerian duct, that is embryonally present in female chickens as oviduct, does not occur, a cystic dilatation of this structure is seen, whose size varies from a long cystic formation to a big sac, filled with fluid: a/ functional left oviduct b/ persistent right oviduct
553.Absense of eyes (anophthalmia) and cranial malformations are frequent malformations in newly hatched chickens.
554.OPEN BODY CAVITIES. An additional skin formation (pouch) to the left laterocaudal abdominal wall, with part of the abdominal organs found within. 
555.556.. POLYPODIA. The occurrence of more legs than normal is often seen in broilers. Such birds frequently survive up to the end of the fattening period.
546.A sacciform blind pouch occurring after attachment of the intestinal wall to an unabsorbed yolk sac, causing impaction.
547.. INVAGINATION. Involvement of anterior parts of the small intestine, the mesentery and the tops of the caecum into the ileum. Usually, it occurs with a strong intestinal peristalsis, often following ingestion of feed after a restrictive feeding regimen. 
548.Rotation of the small intestine on the longitudinal axis of the mesentery, resulting in venous stasis and necrosis of the intestinal wall.
549.CROP IMPACTION. It is caused by hard, fibrous feed or litter, whose accumulation results in impaction. 
550.CROP IMPACTION. The retained content into the crop sometimes causes putrefactive necrotic processes, affecting the crop wall and the covering skin.
544.Subcutaneous emphysema in the right inguinal region. It occurs after penetration of air or gases in the subcutaneous connective tissue. Usually, it results after air-sac tearing or skin injury.
545.Subcutaneous emphysema in the region of the head.
538.539.540.A case of spontaneous rupture of the caudal renal artery in broiler turkeys is observed at the age of 8 - 12 weeks. Some birds in an excellent body condition die. The carcasses are anaemic. The necropsy shows that in some birds, the entire body cavity is filled with clotted blood (538) and in others - massive subcapsular coagula from the side of the affected kidney are detected (539 and 540).
541.In all cases, unilateral rupture was observed, primarily of the left renal artery.
533.534.535.In cases of acute intoxication with propane butane (due to damage in heating appliances where propane-butane is used as energy source for heating), asphyxia, cyanosis of the featherless skin, pulmonary oedema and subcapsular haemorrhages in the liver are observed.
536.Stasis in the right half of the heart, overfilling of the posterior vena cava (a) and oedema of lungs (b) following overheating. When the temperature in the premise reaches 35°C, the cooling in birds begins by convection, conduction and radiation as they have no sweat glands. The excessive respiration results in oversaturation with C02 and then, in asphyxia.
537.Pasted vent is usually observed in diarrhoea, when the rectal masses are sticked to adjacent feathers. The observed plugs prevent the evacuation of the next faecal masses. This results in dilatation and obstipation of the rectum.
531.Acute selenium intoxication in birds is usually seen after multifold overdosing of preparations containing inorganic selenium with the aim of prevention or therapy. In the early hours after intake of toxic doses of selenium, a high death rate (up to 100%) and massive haemorrhages in the liver are seen.
532.In birds that survived the later stage of the selenium toxicosis, liver haemorrhages are outlined on the background of dystrophic necrobiotic changes.
The aetiology is not known, but genetic factors or early viral myocarditis is supposed. The state is lethal in turkeys at the age of 1 - 4 weeks. Pathoanatomically, a severe dilated cardiomyopathy, often accompanied with ascitis, hydropericardium and congestion of other organs is detected.
523.524.The gizzard impaction could results in high mortality in turkey poults during the first three weeks of life. Affected turkey poults are dehydrated, with empty gut, but the gizzard is filled with hard fibrous masses.
525.526.527.In some cases, the fibrous masses enter the first part of the duodernum or the lower parts of the small intestines. the impaction is resulting from eating litter that gizzards cannot ingest. The prevention is aimed at control of litter eating.
519.. Galium aparine, cleavers or stickywilly, is an annual weed in cereals and earthed-up crops, is an herbal plant belonging to the Galium genus (herbarium).
520.The seeds (fruit) are dry, round or kidney-shaped, with smooth, corrugated or granular surface, sometimes covered with hooked prickles, brown or grey colour and are notched on one side („nuts"). On the left - seeds with coat, on the right without coat.
521.In the gizzard of chickens, the seeds become white with a contrasting black-coloured unipolar groove, similar to an eye. Most probably, that is why they are called „snake eye".
522.. Purulent necrotic processes in the gizzard of a chicken. The health is influenced by consequences of mechanical obstruction because of seeds' accumulation in the gizzard. A direct toxic effect of Galium aparine is also supposed (primarily hepato- and nephrotoxic), due to release of toxic glycosides and other toxic substances from the seeds.
513.514.Hyperandrogenism in broilers is a condition, manifested with marked signs of masculinization in chickens from both genders. The first signs could start very early after the age of 10-12 days. A very noticeable reddening of the comb and wattles, coarse feathering of the face, strong growth of nails and a highly aggressive behaviour in about 100% of birds are observed.
515.Facial wounds following manifestations of aggressive behaviour.
516.517.The peak of clinically manifested masculinization traits is between the age of 20 and 30 weeks in all chickens. The serum testosterone is manifold higher. In 23-day-old broilers, average testosterone concentrations were 709 ng/dl vs 36 ng/dl in intact chickens at the same age. The mycotoxins following contamination of some of forage components with moulds are assumed to be a possible cause for this state, but yet, it is not clear if this or another factor is causing hyperandrogenism.
518.view of 35-day-old broiler chickens with signs of hyperandrogenism. All chickens in the premise are with strongly developed secondary sexual characteristics.