GOUT
     
      
       
    502.503.504.The gout is characterized by  retention and buildup of urates in tissues. It is seen as two separate  syndromes: visceral gout and articular gout. The visceral gout is  manifested with deposition of urates in renal tubules and the serous  coats of the heart, the liver, the mesentery, the air sacs or the  peritoneum. The urate deposits on serous coats resemble a chalky white  dust. Visceral urate deposits are generally due to renal failure.  Possible causes for this could be obstruction of ureters, renal damage  or dehydration.
 
      
      
    506.507.Most commonly, visceral gout following  dehydration is observed in newly hatched chickens after overheating or a  more prolonged stay in the hatchery. Visceral gout outbreaks are  related to vitamin A deficiency, treatment with sodium bicarbonate,  mycotoxicoses etc.
 
      
    508.articular gout is characterized with periarticular urate deposits (tophi), especially  around the joints of toes and the foot. The joints are enlarged and toes  - malformed. 
 
      
    509.After opening of affected joints, the  periarticular tissue is white. A white semi-liquid matter, due to urate  deposits, could also be seen.
 
      
    510.In chronic cases, urate precipitations could be observed in the trachea, the comb, wattles etc.
 
 
      
    511.512.Urolithiasis is an aetiologically unknown  state, occurring primarily in cage layer hens, characterized by  obstruction of one or both ureters with urates, atrophy of one or more  renal lobes and a various degree of renal and visceral gout. A number of  aetiological factors are related to this condition: protein excess,  calcium excess (3% or more), sodium bi¬carbonate toxicity, myco¬toxins  (ochratoxin etc.), vitamin A deficiency and nephrotropic strains of the  infectious bronchitis virus. The lower phosphorus levels (under 0.6%)  are probably helping the manifestation of the disease. There are no  specific clinical signs except for the depression and the weight loss.  The death rate could increase and persist around 2-4% monthly during the  productive period. The total mortality is heavily affected flocks could  reach 50%.
 
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